The Baan Mankong (Secure Housing) programme is a national programme launched by the Thai government in 2003 to address urban poverty and housing insecurity at scale. Managed by the Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI), a public agency under the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, its primary objective is to formalize informal settlements by channeling government infrastructure subsidies and soft housing loans directly to poor communities.
CODI implements a citywide approach by conditioning its budget support on the establishment of two essential collective platforms: the first is a network of poor communities and the second is a City Development Committee, a joint platform where these community networks collaborate with the municipal government, universities, and other local stakeholders. This dual structure ensures that housing development occurs in the public "spotlight," balancing power dynamics and securing crucial political support from city actors, rather than leaving communities to face difficulties in isolation. This decentralised approach positions communities, local governments, and stakeholders as essential partners, reflecting a strong government commitment to allowing people to be the core actors in developing varied, long-term solutions.
The programme ensures financial sustainability through a collective repayment mechanism, where CODI grants wholesale loans to community cooperatives rather than individuals. These cooperatives on-lend to members at a marginal interest mark-up, creating an internal fund to cover administrative costs and provide a welfare buffer for emergencies. This decentralized structure allows communities to tailor repayment schedules to the irregular income flows of their members, while the shared liability of collective land tenure fosters a binding "social contract" that incentivizes peer support and effectively manages default risks.
Consequently, the Baan Mankong programme represents a fundamental shift in the state's role from a "provider" of standardized housing units to a "facilitator" of development. By channeling housing subsidies, soft loans, and technical support directly to poor communities, the policy empowers them to plan, manage budgets, and execute improvements to their own housing, environment, and tenure security based on particular needs identified through extensive surveying and horizontal exchange, establishing a truly "demand-driven" approach to housing.
The policy encourages solutions—ranging from in-situ upgrading to relocation, and varied housing types—that emerge directly from local negotiations and specific community needs. In this model, the physical form of the housing is secondary and adaptable, designed to fit the more challenging and vital realities of land tenure, politics, and social negotiation. By institutionalizing this approach, the policy connects directly to a broader framework of integrated territorial management, ensuring that urban development is rooted in local social capital and secure land tenure.
To reach the most marginalized populations, the programme employs several inclusive strategies:
- Poor Households and Women: The policy requires the formation of community savings groups and cooperatives, which act as a collective financial safety net. By replacing individual credit scores with "socialized credit" based on a community's collective guarantee, the programme ensures that even the most impoverished households can access financing. Women play a pivotal role in this process, often leading the cooperatives and design committees to ensure that housing layouts and communal areas accommodate childcare, home-based businesses, and domestic safety.
- Youth and Persons with Disabilities: Through participatory design workshops, youth are engaged in technical community mapping and future-planning, while the policy integrates principles of universality in its design to create accessible environments. For the most vulnerable, such as the elderly or persons with disabilities with no family support, the programme often utilizes community-led cross-subsidization to build "Baan Klang" (Central Welfare Houses), ensuring these individuals can age in place with dignity.
- Migrants and Land-Locked Communities: For those living in precarious or isolated areas—such as canal-side settlements or railway-track communities—the policy utilizes Collective Land Tenure. By securing long-term communal leases rather than individual titles, the programme protects migrant families and marginalized groups from market-driven displacement and provides them with a legal "address" necessary for accessing public healthcare and education.
- Poor Rural Communities, and Landless Persons: Over the past few years, this broader conceptualisation of housing employed by the Baan Mankong programme has expanded to encompass the rural poor and landless, the urban homeless, and populations in specific contexts. Originally an urban initiative, the programme has evolved into a comprehensive policy umbrella that channels state funds and subsidies through CODI, supporting a national process of community-driven housing and development.
Over 130,000 households (approximately 520,000 to 650,000 individuals) have directly benefited from the programme across more than 1,300 communities in 200 cities.
The programme originally targeted 300,000 households living in informal settlements. Until early 2026, it reached approximately 43% of this estimated target population. In specific sub-sectors, such as canal-side communities, the reach is even more concentrated, with over 15,000 households (approx. 15–20% of that specific demographic) already relocated or upgraded.
While total cumulative spending fluctuates with annual budget cycles, the government has historically allocated an average "subsidy package" of THB 80,000 (approx. USD 2,500) per household (excluding the repayable loans). When combined with the revolving loan capital, the total government-facilitated investment per household reaches approximately USD 13,750.
Disaggregated Costs (Per Household/Unit):
- Infrastructure Subsidy: THB 25,000 – 45,000 (USD 780 – 1,400) for communal upgrades such as drainage, roads, and utilities.
- House Construction/Upgrading Grant: THB 25,000 (USD 780) provided as a direct grant for building materials.
- Process and Technical Support: THB 9,600 (USD 300) to support community architects and NGOs.
- Administrative/Management Grant: Approx. THB 1,250 – 2,250 (USD 40 -70), calculated as 5% of the infrastructure budget.
Housing Loan: Separate from the subsidy, CODI provides soft loans up to THB 360,000 (approx. 11,250 USD). These are issued at a subsidized interest rate of 4% per annum, which the community repays over 15–20 years.
The Baan Mankong programme employs a decentralized, multi-sectoral, and highly participatory governance model.
- While it is a national policy, authority is decentralized through the Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI), a public agency under the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security. CODI does not act as a traditional top-down agency but as a facilitator that channels financial and technical resources directly to local actors.
- At the city level, governance is managed by Joint City Committees. These committees are multi-sectoral, including representatives from local government (municipalities), community networks, NGOs, and academics. This ensures that housing projects are integrated with broader city planning, utility provision, and land-use regulations.
The core of the governance structure is the Community Cooperative. Local residents are legally required to organize into these cooperatives to manage their own budgets, negotiate land tenure, and oversee construction. This shifts the role of the citizen from a passive beneficiary to a primary project manager, ensuring social participation in the programme’s governance structure.
To manage thousands of dispersed, community-led projects, CODI utilizes a specialized Management Information System (MIS) to track financial flows, project progress, and socioeconomic outcomes.
- System Overview: The MIS serves as a real-time monitoring tool that integrates data from community savings groups, loan repayment schedules, and infrastructure construction phases. It allows CODI and its city-level partners to visualize the completion dates and status of activities across a multiplicity of urban poor communities.
- Data Integration: The system collects and processes data on:
- Household Socio-Economic Profiles: Gathered during initial community surveys to identify vulnerable groups.
- Financial Performance: Tracking the "Revolving Fund" to ensure that community loan repayments are flowing back to fund future projects.
- Spatial and Infrastructure Data: Mapping upgrading progress (in-situ vs. reblocking) to report against National Development Plan goals.
- Link & Accessibility: While the internal operational system is managed by CODI technicians, public-facing summaries and reporting are often available through the CODI Website (en.codi.or.th) and integrated into Thailand's National Statistical Office (NSO) socio-economic surveys. This data is also utilized in collaboration with UN-Habitat for global reporting on SDG 11.
The role of collective and individual assets in building urban community resilience (Archer et al., 2020):
Based on a mixed-methods evaluation of three Bangkok communities, this study demonstrates how the Baan Mankong programme builds long-term urban resilience through strategic asset accumulation. By securing land tenure and upgrading infrastructure, the initiative fundamentally enhances both the physical and social assets of vulnerable households. The authors emphasise that securing formal housing provides a critical foundation for implementing climate-proofing measures, such as natural ventilation and flood-resilient neighbourhood planning. Crucially, the authors conclude that to prevent families from falling back into poverty during crises, these community-driven housing upgrades must be integrated into a broader enabling environment that includes targeted social protection schemes, insurance mechanisms, and localised environmental management.
Lessons from CODI on Co-production (Boonyabancha & Kerr, 2018):
By placing urban poor communities at the centre of the planning process, the the Baan Mankong programme initiative has successfully delivered secure land and housing to 104,000 vulnerable families across 1,033 projects. Beyond physical infrastructure, the programme's true value lies in forging inclusive, citywide partnerships that integrate informal settlements into the broader urban development agenda and resolve multiple dimensions of poverty. Ultimately, the authors emphasise that by providing flexible funding and a legitimising government policy umbrella, the programme catalyses a critical shift in power dynamics, empowering local communities to negotiate secure tenure and drive their own long-term structural change.
Despite these successes, the authors highlight significant challenges as the programme scaled. Increased government pressure for rapid outputs risked shifting the initiative from a community-led process back to a conventional, supply-driven model. Furthermore, strong national community networks sometimes bypassed local municipal governments, resulting in isolated housing projects rather than comprehensive citywide transformations.
Community-driven development in the slums: Thailand's experience (ODI) (Bhaktal, T. & Lucci, P. 2015):
As rapid economic growth drove up urban land prices and encouraged redevelopment, the programme proved vital in countering eviction threats by providing tenure security for over 96,000 households between 2004 and 2014. This contributed to a remarkable rise in urban tenure security—from 88 per cent in 1990 to 95 per cent in 2010—even amidst increasing urbanisation. These improvements fundamentally altered the security landscape for the urban poor, with "fear of eviction" falling from the second most pressing concern for slum dwellers in 1990 to the fifth by 2006
Community development fund in Thailand: A tool for poverty reduction and affordable housing (UN-Habitat 2009):
By October 2008, the Baan Mankong programme had successfully scaled its community-driven model to 237 cities, approving upgrading projects for over 76,000 households across 1,251 communities. This mechanism proved highly effective at leveraging resources: while channeling government subsidies, it mobilized over 500 million Baht in direct community savings and generated an estimated 2 billion Baht in collective community assets. Beyond physical capital, the initiative fundamentally altered local governance by establishing over 1,800 community networks that now act as key development partners, managing large-scale welfare activities—such as education and emergency funds—and negotiating city-wide housing plans directly with local authorities.
Baan Mankong: Going to Scale with “Slum” and Squatter Upgrading in Thailand (IIED) (Boonyabancha, 2005):
Between January 2003 and December 2004, the programme approved 137 projects covering 175 communities across 20 districts in Bangkok and 42 other cities, reaching a total of 14,642 families. Crucially, the programme prioritised in situ solutions: 39.6 per cent of families underwent on-site upgrading and 23.8 per cent participated in re-blocking, while only 13.4 per cent were relocated. This approach successfully delivered long-term tenure security to 84 per cent of participating households, with 54.6 per cent securing long-term community leases and 22.4 per cent achieving cooperative land ownership.
Qualitatively, the programme fostered significant structural change by shifting power dynamics from vertical, top-down hierarchies to horizontal networks where communities support one another and negotiate collectively with city authorities.This city-wide approach helped transform the perception of informal settlements, encouraging authorities to view them as a normal part of the city system capable of improvement. Furthermore, the report identifies community management of finance—specifically through savings and loans—as the definitive "key to the power of independence," empowering residents to design their own development and breaking cycles of dependency on external actors.
References:
Archer, D., Marome, W., Natakun, B., Mabangyang, P., & Phanthuwongpakdee, N. (2020). The role of collective and individual assets in building urban community resilience. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 12(2), 169–186.
Bhatkal, T., & Lucci, P. (2015). Community-driven development in the slums: Thailand's experience (Case Study Summary). Overseas Development Institute. https://developmentprogress.org
Boonyabancha, S. (2005). Baan Mankong: Going to scale with “slum” and squatter upgrading in Thailand. Environment & Urbanization, 17(1), 21–46.
Boonyabancha, S., & Kerr, T. (2018). Lessons from CODI on co-production. Environment and Urbanization, 30(2), 443–460
UN-Habitat. (2009). Community Development Fund in Thailand: A tool for poverty reduction and affordable housing. United Nations Human Settlements programme.
The two-decade implementation of Baan Mankong has yielded critical insights for countries looking to replicate the model:
- Debt Overhang for the Ultra-Poor: While the loan-based model ensures sustainability, some extremely vulnerable households struggle with repayments. It is important to ensure that a "grant-heavy" window within the community-managed welfare fund is available for those with zero income to prevent them from selling their rights and returning to informality.
- Unregulated Vertical Growth: As communities densify, many choose to build vertically. Without technical guidance, this can lead to verticalization with poor light, ventilation, and fire safety. Consequently, professional support from "community architects" must be integrated into the process, not just as a one-off design but as ongoing oversight.
- Risk of Elite Capture: In some cases, stronger community leaders may dominate the decision-making or loan allocation. As such, rotating leadership and enforcing transparent, publicly displayed community accounting is essential to maintain trust and inclusivity.
- Spatial Integration: Successful projects often occur when the city government is a partner. Projects isolated from the city's broader utility network face higher maintenance costs. Multi-sectoral city committees are essential to link community infrastructure with municipal grids.
The following organizations offer technical expertise in community-led housing and could serve as key knowledge partners:
The programme's official information is hosted directly on CODI's national portal:
- Main website: https://en.codi.or.th
- Urban Baan Mankong: https://en.codi.or.th/baan-mankong-urban/
- Rural Baan Mankong: https://en.codi.or.th/baan-mankong-rural/
Policy Briefs & Reports:
- Baan Mankong: going to scale with “slum” and squatter upgrading in Thailand (IIED, 2005): A foundational report on the policy's economic and social logic by CODI’s former director, Somsook Boonyabancha.
- Community Development Fund in Thailand (UN-Habitat, 2009): Detailed analysis of programme, highlighting the financial revolving fund mechanism.
Multimedia:
- Video - Looking Back, Looking Forward: Reflections on 20 years of Baan Mankong: Video featuring Somsook Boonyabancha, the founding director of CODI, reflecting on the achievements and challenges of the Baan Mankong programme over the last two decades.
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
- Target 1.2: By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women, and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions.
- Indicator 1.2.2: Proportion of men, women, and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions.
- Target 1.4: Ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land.
- Indicator 1.4.1: Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services.
- Indicator 1.4.2: Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land.
SDG 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
- Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
- Target 6.b: Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
SDG 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
- Target 11.1: By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums.
- Indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate housing.
- Target 11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
- Target 11.a: Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning
SDG 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
- Target 17.17: Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
- Target 1.2: By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women, and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions.
- Indicator 1.2.2: Proportion of men, women, and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions.
- Target 1.4: Ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land.
- Indicator 1.4.1: Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services.
- Indicator 1.4.2: Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land.
SDG 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
- Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
- Target 6.b: Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management
SDG 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
- Target 11.1: By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade slums.
- Indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate housing.
- Target 11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
- Target 11.a: Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning
SDG 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
- Target 17.17: Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships
The Baan Mankong (Secure Housing) programme is a national programme launched by the Thai government in 2003 to address urban poverty and housing insecurity at scale. Managed by the Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI), a public agency under the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, its primary objective is to formalize informal settlements by channeling government infrastructure subsidies and soft housing loans directly to poor communities.
CODI implements a citywide approach by conditioning its budget support on the establishment of two essential collective platforms: the first is a network of poor communities and the second is a City Development Committee, a joint platform where these community networks collaborate with the municipal government, universities, and other local stakeholders. This dual structure ensures that housing development occurs in the public “spotlight,” balancing power dynamics and securing crucial political support from city actors, rather than leaving communities to face difficulties in isolation. This decentralised approach positions communities, local governments, and stakeholders as essential partners, reflecting a strong government commitment to allowing people to be the core actors in developing varied, long-term solutions.
The programme ensures financial sustainability through a collective repayment mechanism, where CODI grants wholesale loans to community cooperatives rather than individuals. These cooperatives on-lend to members at a marginal interest mark-up, creating an internal fund to cover administrative costs and provide a welfare buffer for emergencies. This decentralized structure allows communities to tailor repayment schedules to the irregular income flows of their members, while the shared liability of collective land tenure fosters a binding “social contract” that incentivizes peer support and effectively manages default risks.
Consequently, the Baan Mankong programme represents a fundamental shift in the state’s role from a “provider” of standardized housing units to a “facilitator” of development. By channeling housing subsidies, soft loans, and technical support directly to poor communities, the policy empowers them to plan, manage budgets, and execute improvements to their own housing, environment, and tenure security based on particular needs identified through extensive surveying and horizontal exchange, establishing a truly “demand-driven” approach to housing.
The policy encourages solutions—ranging from in-situ upgrading to relocation, and varied housing types—that emerge directly from local negotiations and specific community needs. In this model, the physical form of the housing is secondary and adaptable, designed to fit the more challenging and vital realities of land tenure, politics, and social negotiation. By institutionalizing this approach, the policy connects directly to a broader framework of integrated territorial management, ensuring that urban development is rooted in local social capital and secure land tenure.
To reach the most marginalized populations, the programme employs several inclusive strategies:
- Poor Households and Women: The policy requires the formation of community savings groups and cooperatives, which act as a collective financial safety net. By replacing individual credit scores with “socialized credit” based on a community’s collective guarantee, the programme ensures that even the most impoverished households can access financing. Women play a pivotal role in this process, often leading the cooperatives and design committees to ensure that housing layouts and communal areas accommodate childcare, home-based businesses, and domestic safety.
- Youth and Persons with Disabilities: Through participatory design workshops, youth are engaged in technical community mapping and future-planning, while the policy integrates principles of universality in its design to create accessible environments. For the most vulnerable, such as the elderly or persons with disabilities with no family support, the programme often utilizes community-led cross-subsidization to build “Baan Klang” (Central Welfare Houses), ensuring these individuals can age in place with dignity.
- Migrants and Land-Locked Communities: For those living in precarious or isolated areas—such as canal-side settlements or railway-track communities—the policy utilizes Collective Land Tenure. By securing long-term communal leases rather than individual titles, the programme protects migrant families and marginalized groups from market-driven displacement and provides them with a legal “address” necessary for accessing public healthcare and education.
- Poor Rural Communities, and Landless Persons: Over the past few years, this broader conceptualisation of housing employed by the Baan Mankong programme has expanded to encompass the rural poor and landless, the urban homeless, and populations in specific contexts. Originally an urban initiative, the programme has evolved into a comprehensive policy umbrella that channels state funds and subsidies through CODI, supporting a national process of community-driven housing and development.
The two-decade implementation of Baan Mankong has yielded critical insights for countries looking to replicate the model:
- Debt Overhang for the Ultra-Poor: While the loan-based model ensures sustainability, some extremely vulnerable households struggle with repayments. It is important to ensure that a “grant-heavy” window within the community-managed welfare fund is available for those with zero income to prevent them from selling their rights and returning to informality.
- Unregulated Vertical Growth: As communities densify, many choose to build vertically. Without technical guidance, this can lead to verticalization with poor light, ventilation, and fire safety. Consequently, professional support from “community architects” must be integrated into the process, not just as a one-off design but as ongoing oversight.
- Risk of Elite Capture: In some cases, stronger community leaders may dominate the decision-making or loan allocation. As such, rotating leadership and enforcing transparent, publicly displayed community accounting is essential to maintain trust and inclusivity.
- Spatial Integration: Successful projects often occur when the city government is a partner. Projects isolated from the city’s broader utility network face higher maintenance costs. Multi-sectoral city committees are essential to link community infrastructure with municipal grids.
Land access, ownership and tenure security; Multilevel governance; Inclusive credit, insurance and financial services; Public works, employment guarantee schemes and direct job creation including community development programmes; Integrated programmes for economic inclusion
The following organizations offer technical expertise in community-led housing and could serve as key knowledge partners:
The Baan Mankong programme employs a decentralized, multi-sectoral, and highly participatory governance model.
- While it is a national policy, authority is decentralized through the Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI), a public agency under the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security. CODI does not act as a traditional top-down agency but as a facilitator that channels financial and technical resources directly to local actors.
- At the city level, governance is managed by Joint City Committees. These committees are multi-sectoral, including representatives from local government (municipalities), community networks, NGOs, and academics. This ensures that housing projects are integrated with broader city planning, utility provision, and land-use regulations.
The core of the governance structure is the Community Cooperative. Local residents are legally required to organize into these cooperatives to manage their own budgets, negotiate land tenure, and oversee construction. This shifts the role of the citizen from a passive beneficiary to a primary project manager, ensuring social participation in the programme’s governance structure.
Over 130,000 households (approximately 520,000 to 650,000 individuals) have directly benefited from the programme across more than 1,300 communities in 200 cities.
The programme originally targeted 300,000 households living in informal settlements. Until early 2026, it reached approximately 43% of this estimated target population. In specific sub-sectors, such as canal-side communities, the reach is even more concentrated, with over 15,000 households (approx. 15–20% of that specific demographic) already relocated or upgraded.
While total cumulative spending fluctuates with annual budget cycles, the government has historically allocated an average “subsidy package” of THB 80,000 (approx. USD 2,500) per household (excluding the repayable loans). When combined with the revolving loan capital, the total government-facilitated investment per household reaches approximately USD 13,750.
Disaggregated Costs (Per Household/Unit):
- Infrastructure Subsidy: THB 25,000 – 45,000 (USD 780 – 1,400) for communal upgrades such as drainage, roads, and utilities.
- House Construction/Upgrading Grant: THB 25,000 (USD 780) provided as a direct grant for building materials.
- Process and Technical Support: THB 9,600 (USD 300) to support community architects and NGOs.
- Administrative/Management Grant: Approx. THB 1,250 – 2,250 (USD 40 -70), calculated as 5% of the infrastructure budget.
Housing Loan: Separate from the subsidy, CODI provides soft loans up to THB 360,000 (approx. 11,250 USD). These are issued at a subsidized interest rate of 4% per annum, which the community repays over 15–20 years.
To manage thousands of dispersed, community-led projects, CODI utilizes a specialized Management Information System (MIS) to track financial flows, project progress, and socioeconomic outcomes.
- System Overview: The MIS serves as a real-time monitoring tool that integrates data from community savings groups, loan repayment schedules, and infrastructure construction phases. It allows CODI and its city-level partners to visualize the completion dates and status of activities across a multiplicity of urban poor communities.
- Data Integration: The system collects and processes data on:
- Household Socio-Economic Profiles: Gathered during initial community surveys to identify vulnerable groups.
- Financial Performance: Tracking the “Revolving Fund” to ensure that community loan repayments are flowing back to fund future projects.
- Spatial and Infrastructure Data: Mapping upgrading progress (in-situ vs. reblocking) to report against National Development Plan goals.
- Link & Accessibility: While the internal operational system is managed by CODI technicians, public-facing summaries and reporting are often available through the CODI Website (en.codi.or.th) and integrated into Thailand’s National Statistical Office (NSO) socio-economic surveys. This data is also utilized in collaboration with UN-Habitat for global reporting on SDG 11.
The programme’s official information is hosted directly on CODI’s national portal:
- Main website: https://en.codi.or.th
- Urban Baan Mankong: https://en.codi.or.th/baan-mankong-urban/
- Rural Baan Mankong: https://en.codi.or.th/baan-mankong-rural/